South Korea - language, culture, customs and etiquette (2023)

In a country where nearly half the population shares the same last name, you could be forgiven for being a little confused as to who is who and what.

What will you learn in this guide?

You'll gain a solid understanding of several key areas of Korean culture and society, including:

• language
• religion and belief
• culture and society
• Social Etiquette and Customs
• corporate culture and work practices

Select a section to skip or scroll...

• facts and statistics
• language in South Korea
• Test
• Blogging about South Korea

FACTS AND STATISTICS

• Location:East Asia, the southern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the East Sea and the Yellow Sea
• Capital city:Only
• National Hino: With time
• Nationality:Korean
• ethnic composition:Homogeneous (except for a small percentage of the population who are from other places but live permanently in the country). It is one of the most racially pure countries in the world.
• Population:51 million (2019 est.)
• Population growth rate:0.53% (2019 est.)
• Climate:temperate, with more rainfall in summer than in winter
• time zone:Korean Standard Time UTC (UTC+09:00)
• Uniform: Sul Korean'Bett'
• Government:Republic
• Internet-Penetration:92,1% (2016)
• Business culture:Rating 30 inchesO Company Culture Complexity Index™

LANGUAGE IN SOUTH KOREA

Koreans share a common language, with approximately seventy million people speaking Korean worldwide.

The grammar and vocabulary of the language are somewhat similar to Japanese; the structure differs. Dialects are regional; They differ mainly in accent, but are similar enough that understanding by the speaker or listener is not a problem. The main difference in dialect is also attributed to social status.

Korea has one of the highest literacy rates in the world due to the phonetic nature of the written language, which was invented in the mid-15th century to give Koreans a single language.

Photo of the watchtower in Jecheon, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea byMateo SchwartzanUnsplash

SOUTH KOREA CULTURE AND SOCIETY

religion and belief

• South Korea supports freedom of religion
• Confucianism,Buddhism jChristianityare the main formal religions
• Many Koreans believe in ancestral spirit and observe Confucian rituals.
• Confucianism is a political and social philosophy that permeates Korean culture.

Great Festivals/Secular Festivals

• There are two major national holidays.
• New Year (second full moon after winter solstice)
• chuseok(the eighth full moon)
• The celebrations of these festivals are based on ancestors, family, games, harvest festivals and food.

The family

• Family unity is an integral part of South Korean customs and life.
• Arranged marriages are common.
• Marriage is considered a rite of passage.
• Divorce was rare but has become more common in recent years.
• Patriarchal lineage is pervasive, connecting ancestors through man's lineage.
• Traditionally, the eldest son inherited, but this has recently changed and is now legally the same.
• The eldest son has additional obligations towards his family and has to take care of his parents in old age.

social stratification

• Sincedistributional reforms from 1894 there was no more traditional nobility
• 60% of Koreans describe themselves as middle class
• Class classification usually refers to educational level.
• Industrialization and urbanization contribute to the class difference
• Family, education, wealth, education and job all contribute to social status
• Status symbols include; big houses, chauffeur-driven cars, clothing, membership in certain clubs, and college degrees
• Urbanization accounts for 82.5% of the total population (2015)
• Language is hierarchical and social superiors should be addressed appropriately

gender roles

• Gender equality is constitutional
• Everyday life in a largely patriarchal society is characterized by male orientation
• Social organization is influenced by gender and age.
• 47.7% of adult women worked outside the home (1998)
• Women held 2.3% of provincial and municipal seats in (1999)
• Women dominate shamanism as priestesses, but have a limited role in the Christian and Buddhist religions
• Women are expected to behave in a submissive manner in public situations and in informal gatherings.
• Women are considered more independent than men.

socialization

• The daily care of infants depends mainly on the parents, at least for the first two years, with little or no separation from the mother.
• Patriarchal obedience, cooperation, respect for elders, and family piety are infused in early childhood.
• Specific gender roles are promoted within the family and the education system.
• Children usually receive the best education and remain more dependent on their families even after marriage.

The economy

• South Korea has gone from an underdeveloped country to the 11th largest economy in the world in a generation
• South Korea is heavily dependent on exports for its GDP; Almost half of its business is exported through products or services
• 48% of all exports are electronic
• 31% of exports are related to transport (cars, ships, etc.)

groceries

• Korean cuisine is based on rice, vegetables and meat.
• 'Kimchi'It is the national dish and eaten with most meals
• Kimchi is made from a variety of vegetables that are then fermented and stored for a long time.
• Banchanare side dishes: are usually prepared in large quantities and served with the main course
• The food is used in ceremonies, mainly weddings, birthdays and to honor ancestors.

Arts, Humanities and Popular Culture

• Historically, Chinese and Japanese influences have been seen in South Korean art; aesthetic concepts and reasons were shared
• Korean music and art were combined with natural cycles and religion, creating a folk culture in rural areas that is still popular today.
• "Gangnam Style" by Psy, a South Korean musician, rose to worldwide fame in 2012. The song refers to Seoul's Gangnam district, a chic and trendy neighborhood on par with London, Paris or Hollywood.
• Foreign influences have spawned a fast food and café culture, particularly in Seoul, in recent years.
• The language changed with the introduction of some Western expressions such as "window shopping".

Koreans are very proud of their kimchi-making traditions. Affectionate and frequent, and people love to teach others their "secret" family recipes!

Photo ofRepublic of Korea on Flickr(CC BY-SA 2.0)

SOCIAL USE AND LABELING IN SOUTH KOREA

conceito de Kibun

• Kibunit is a word with no literal translation into English; the next terms are pride, face, mood, feelings or state of mind.
• When you hurt someone's kibun, you hurt their pride, you lose their dignity and shame. Korean interpersonal relationships function on the principle of harmony.
• It's important to maintain a calm and comfortable environment at all times, even if it means telling a "white lie."
• It is important to know how to assess the condition of someone else's kibun, how to avoid damaging it, and at the same time how to take care of your own kibun.
• In business, a manager's kibun is damaged when subordinates do not show due respect. A subordinate's kibun is damaged when his boss publicly criticizes him.
• Nunchi is the ability to determine another person's kibun by eye.
• Because this is a culture where social harmony is vital, being able to assess another person's state of mind is crucial to preserving one's kibun. Nunchi is performed by looking at body language and listening to the tone of voice and what is being said.

naming rules

• In South Korea, names work the opposite of western cultures; Surname (last name), a middle surname shared by this whole generation, and finally your first name.
• It is considered very rude to address a Korean by their first name. You should be addressed by your job title, or Mr., Mrs. etc., until otherwise authorized.

Meet and Greet

• Bowing is the traditional form of greeting in South Korea.
• Shaking hands often accompanies bows between men.
• When shaking hands, the left hand should support the right forearm.
• Korean women don't always shake hands and wave slightly instead of a full bow.
• Always bow to people when you leave.

Communication style

• Communication can be difficult in South Korea due to an innate dislike of saying “no” as it is considered bad etiquette.
• Discussions can drag on because you avoid refusing or declining
• When concern is expressed verbally or visually, it is a sure sign that something is wrong.
• Good posture and positive body language are very beneficial in meetings; Patience and courtesy must be maintained throughout
• Do not use excessive or overt body language.
• Use both hands or hold your right arm with your left when passing business cards, gifts, or receiving an item.
• Respect, trust and contentment are shown by a deeper bow.

A Korean soldier stands in front of the Royal Palace in Seoul. Photo ofJuan MontanoanUnsplash

personal space

• It's an insult for Koreans to be touched by someone they don't know; don't pat them on the back or hug them
• Direct and prolonged eye contact can be interpreted as a challenge and is considered bad behavior, especially when dealing with people of higher social status.
• keep your body in your own personal space; Avoid straight or crossed legs and limit arm movements when explaining to avoid personal space of others
• When calling someone to you, instead of pointing your index finger, use your palm in a downward rasping motion.
• In cities (particularly in Seoul), jostling, shoving and petting is commonplace. Don't be offended by the lack of an apology.
• Friends of both sexes often walk hand in hand, especially teenagers and the younger generation.

present the delivery note

• Koreans are generous people and love to give gifts.
• Accept the gift with both hands, but never open the gift right away, wait for the giver to leave.
• Return the favor and offer something of similar value. Koreans like Western gifts and objects, so prepare before you leave home.
• When giving gifts, make sure to wrap and present them appropriately. Avoid dark wrapping paper, especially red, choose bright yellow/green
• When invited to a Korean home, always bring a gift for the hostess; Chocolates, sweets, cakes or flowers, but preferably without alcohol
• Gifts are usually presented at the first business meeting and the host must present the first. In return, give quality alcohol such as whiskey or crockery.
• Do not give very expensive gifts as Koreans feel obligated to give what they receive.
• Avoid gifts such as knives, scissors, sets of four, and red writing (these are considered “tie-cuts” or death marks)

meals and food

• Always wait to be seated by your host. When given the place of honor (facing the front door), it's polite to show a slight objection.
• Seniors are served first and start with dinner.
• Food and meals are an important part of Korean culture and are used to build relationships. Be sociable and work to build good partnerships for leisure and business as they are connected.
• Do not serve your own drink, although it is considered polite to serve someone else's. Women generally care about men but not other women. Instead of refusing more drinks (remember Koreans don't like refusing completely), just leave your glass half full instead of empty.
• Do not tip if you see a "No Tip" sign
• There are often long periods of silence during Korean meals - socializing can take place after everyone has eaten.
• Don't forget to grab the food with both hands, or just your right hand if you're supported with your left.
• When it comes time to pay the bill, the guest may offer to pay, but the host usually pays for everyone.
• If you are invited to continue after dinner with drinks or a party, do not decline the invitation.
• He is occasionally asked to sing a solo after dinner. Try not to refuse this request, but sing with enthusiasm and spirit.
• Do not straighten chopsticks or stick them out of the bowl.
• Korea's national drink is'soju', a clear drink similar to vodka, usually containing between 18 and 25% alcohol

visit to a house

• Always remove your shoes before entering a Korean home (Western culture has taken off in recent years, and it's not always the case - follow your host's instructions if you're unsure).
• It is possible to be up to 30 minutes late without getting angry, but punctuality is highly respected.
• Remember never to pour your own drink. The host will do this in your presence.
• Being invited into a Korean's home is considered an honor (especially when it comes to a meal), so it's important to treat it as such. Be polite, respectful and respect their customs.
• Bring a gift to repay your host's kindness
• Once the party is over, the host will usually escort you to your car or out the door. that's a sign of respect

Taboos in South Korean culture

• Do not wear shoes in places of worship or at home.
• Don't put your feet on the furniture
• Do not eat or drink in public places while walking
• Don't put your thumb between your middle and index fingers when making a fist, as this is an obscene gesture.
• Do not use red ink. This is a symbol of death and reserved only for the names of the deceased.
• It is considered unlucky and suggests that you wish the recipient dead.
• If possible, avoid using the number four; When giving gifts, don't give four of something.
• It is considered unfortunate due to the similarity between the Korean word for death and the pronunciation of the word "four".
• Don't get too close to people you're meeting for the first time: keep them at arm's length.

Offerings to ancestors before the opening of a new complex. South Korea combines business and spirituality perfectly.

Photo ofUSAG-Humphreysno flickr (CC BY 2.0)

CULTURE, ETIQUETTE AND BUSINESS PRACTICES IN SOUTH KOREA

If you are considering doing business in South Korea or with a South Korean, it is important to understand their culture and business etiquette in order to maximize your potential and avoid unnecessary inconvenience.

• Korean culture isheavily influenced by Confucian principlesand this permeates not only personal life but also business.
• supported ConfucianismGroup harmony, respect for elders and authority, importance of family, friendship and ancestors, and tradition.
• Kibun(equivalent to face or honor) is very important to Koreans and they will always try to preserve their kibun or personal dignity.comparisonit must be avoided at all costs as the kibun, once lost, cannot be recovered.
• In South Korea, good relationships are critical to personal and business success, and these are built into the business world.Koreans make friends first and clients later.To get the most out of your business acumen, you must also appear trustworthy, honorable, and respectable in a social and business setting.
• Korean business is built on relationships; Even large companies are often run by families, whose members still hold senior positions. Confucian principles regarding respect for age, family, rank and tradition ensured the continuity of this system. Recently, due to the economic downturn in Korea, there have been calls for reform, but this will take time due to the deadlocked systems.
• In addition to the formal power structures within a company, it is important to recognize and appreciate the informal structures that can be based on family ties, personal relationships and long-term loyalties. Understanding these practices will ensure a better understanding of Korean business etiquette.

South Korea is futuristic and modern, but also very traditional. Photo ofHarry CunninghamanUnsplash

What to wear?

• The dress is conventional and conservative for both women and men.
• Dark suits, white shirts and ties are accepted as the norm for men.
• Suits, dresses or blouses and skirts for women are recognized. Pants are not generally worn in business.
• Women should avoid tight, sleeveless clothing.
• Colors should be restrained and traditional.
• High quality accessories are accepted.
• Please note that winters in South Korea can be very cold and summers can be very hot

Use of Titles

• As mentioned above, Koreans have three names; They are used in the order of last name, generation name, then first name.
• If you are not sure, address people by Mr_____ (last name) or last name ______ and then the title (professor, professor, etc.)
• Generally, Koreans offer their name, which can be a westernized version of their Korean name.

business letters

• Business cards are considered important and ritualistic in Korea.
• It is recommended to print one side in English and the other side in Korean.
• Deal and receive cards with both hands, Korean side up for easy reading
• Take the time to read and examine the cards you receive - it's respectful
• Place cards in a holder to keep them safe and show you treat them well.
• Never write or mark the cards you receive.

business meeting

• Organize your meeting in advance by registering in advance
• Come on time and be prepared
• The highest-ranking Korean enters and gets first place.
• Because Koreans live and do business in a Confucian framework, kickoff meetings are often used as an introductory session, and business can be picked up later.
• At this point, don't show impatience as these games are a way to get to know him.
• Only take off your jacket when the older Korean does it.
• Select delegates who are on par with their Korean counterparts; it shows respect and knowledge.
• After the first introduction, exchange business cards respectfully
• Ask open-ended questions that don't require a yes or no answer, since Koreans don't like nos.

Handling

• Let the high-ranking Korean stimulate business talks
• Formulate questions so that discussions are possible (question “When can we expect delivery?” not “Delivery in two weeks?”)
• Avoid using a resounding “no” in answer to questions
• Be aware of the kibun of others: do not force a problem if you feel reluctance, as it may offend your own dignity and lose respect.
• Always show respect to senior colleagues and management.
• During meetings there are often moments of silence, try not to break them as these are moments of contemplation and consideration for others.
• Avoid a hard sell and forced negotiation: think kibun

korean administration

• Korean business and personal life is based on strict hierarchical structures.
• Confucianism supports this structure in the family and in the workplace.
• Senior and senior delegates must be delegated at all times
• 'sonsaengnim'means "distinguished person" and is often used when addressing someone in a higher position
• In South Korea, managers take a paternalistic role towards employees and may know them personally.
• This allows for mutual respect and understanding, so don't be put off by asking questions of a personal nature.
• For more specific management information, seeAs a manager in South Korea

Quiz: Test your knowledge of South Korean culture!

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Great blogs about South Korea

Below are some of our blogs about South Korea:

1.How different are the cultures of North Korea and South Korea?

2.Killing his family: Why Kim Jung's cultural taboo could mean the end of North Korea

3.10 Very Interesting Facts About South Korean Culture

4.4 Korean Business Etiquette You Really Need to Know